In the post-Taliban era decreases in poppy cultivation and opiate production3 that periodically took place over the previous two decades have largely been the result of the saturation of global and local drug markets, poppy crop disease, inauspicious weather such as drought, or temporary coercive measures in certain parts of Afghanistan that could not be sustained economically or politically, and rapidly broke down. Several structural factors determined the shape of the Afghan poppy economy during this period: insecurity, political power arrangements, and a lack of ready economic alternatives.
To Eliminate The Opiate Vol 2 Pdf
By 2004, increased interdiction was undertaken instead. Its goal was to target large traffickers and processing laboratories. Immediately, however, the effort was manipulated by local Afghan strongmen to eliminate drug competition and ethnic, tribal, and other political rivals. Instead of targeting top echelons of the drug economy, many of whom had considerable political clout, interdiction operations were largely conducted against small vulnerable traders who could neither sufficiently bribe nor adequately intimidate the interdiction teams and their supervisors within the Afghan government. The result was a significant vertical integration of the drug industry in Afghanistan.42
Beyond immiserating already desperately poor people hit by COVID-19, drought, and large economic contractions in a country where 90 percent of people live in poverty and at least 12 million in condition of malnutrition, such a ban would also eliminate income and employment for its middle-layer commanders and rank-and-file fighters.
Patients should be informed that there is no clearly defined length of MOUD. The literature indicates that the longer people take medication the less likely it is that they will return to regular opiate use [43]. Patients should be informed of the high relapse rate when medications are stopped (even with gradual tapering) and that there are few predictive factors that can help a practitioner identify patients who are likely to succeed following medication discontinuation. Furthermore, patients should be informed of the risk of overdose and death following MOUD discontinuation due to loss of tolerance. 2ff7e9595c
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