The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), an international non-governmental organization, and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), an international not-for-profit organization, develop and publish international standards to harmonize practices between countries. In 2012, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) published international standards for digital evidence handling (ISO/IEC 27037 Guidelines for Identification, Collection, Acquisition, and Preservation of Digital Evidence). These guidelines included only the initial handling of digital evidence. The proposed four phases for digital evidence handling are as follows:
Smart vehicle forensics is an understudied yet important area of digital forensics (Parkinson and McKay, 2016). The mass deployment of smart vehicles with Internet-enabled functions (and the development of autonomous vehicles) has added impetus to the need to create smart vehicle forensics processes, standards, and tools that could enable a forensically sound digital investigation of vehicles (Le-Khac et al., 2018). These vehicles can provide a wealth of information (such as places travelled and frequented, home and work address, numbers dialled, phone calls received etc.) that could be used when investigating crimes targeting smart or autonomous vehicles (e.g., hacking) or other crimes where the information obtained from these vehicles could be used as evidence of a crime (De La Torre, Rad, and Choo, 2018).
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The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to an interconnected and interoperable network of Internet-enabled devices (e.g., cameras, televisions, refrigerators, ovens, lights, energy meters, clothing, toys, and accessories, to name a few) which facilitate the monitoring of objects, people, animals, and plants, and the vast gathering, storing, examination, and dissemination of data about them (Maras, 2015). Because IoT can provide a significant amount of information about users of these devices (see Module 10 on Privacy and Data Protection for the type of information these devices reveal), data obtained from these devices has been introduced as evidence in courts (Maras and Wandt, 2018). For example, in the United States, the data from a FitBit, an IoT device that monitors health and physical activity, was introduced as evidence in the murder of Connie Dabate (Altimari, 2018). In light of the introduction of IoT data in courts, it is imperative that IoT forensics processes, standards, and tools are established (Maras and Wandt, 2018).
The standards were not designed for non-traditional computing systems - like cloud computing. Nevertheless, the Cloud Security Alliance published a document titled "Mapping the Forensic Standard ISO/IEC 27037 to Cloud Computing" to "reinterpret the ISO 27037 guidance for a cloud context" (CSA, 2013, p. 130).
The Monte Carlo simulation is used to estimate the probability of a certain income. As such, it is widely used by investors and financial analysts to evaluate the probable success of investments they're considering. Some common uses include:Pricing stock options. The potential price movements of the underlying asset are tracked given every possible variable. The results are averaged and then discounted to the asset's current price. This is intended to indicate the probable payoff of the options.Portfolio valuation. A number of alternative portfolios can be tested using the Monte Carlo simulation in order to arrive at a measure of their comparative risk.Fixed income investments. The short rate is the random variable here. The simulation is used to calculate the probable impact of movements in the short rate on fixed rate investments."}},"@type": "Question","name": "What Professions Use the Monte Carlo Simulation?","acceptedAnswer": "@type": "Answer","text": "It may be best known for its financial applications, but the Monte Carlo simulation is used in virtually every profession that must measure risks and prepare to meet them.For example, a telecom may build its network to sustain all of its users all of the time. In order to do that, it must consider all of the possible variations in demand for the service. It must determine whether the system will stand the strain of peak hours and peak seasons.A Monte Carlo simulation may help the telecom decide whether its service is likely to stand the strain of Super Bowl Sunday as well as an average Sunday in August.","@type": "Question","name": "What Factors Are Evaluated in a Monte Carlo Simulation?","acceptedAnswer": "@type": "Answer","text": "A Monte Carlo simulation in investing is based on historical price data on the asset or assets being evaluated.The building blocks of the simulation, derived from the historical data, are drift, standard deviation, variance, and average price movement."]}]}] EducationGeneralDictionary
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A bid estimate can be drawn up based on plans provided by the client or on standard industry costs. If the contractor wants more accurate amounts, she will need to calculate specific labor, material and equipment costs for the project.
There are three main types of cost estimates in project management, according to Learning FM. Use the estimate type that gives you the most accurate cost estimate based on the information you have on hand.
PreambleMembers of the Society of Professional Journalists believe that public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy. Ethical journalism strives to ensure the free exchange of information that is accurate, fair and thorough. An ethical journalist acts with integrity.The Society declares these four principles as the foundation of ethical journalism and encourages their use in its practice by all people in all media.
Seek Truth andReport It Ethical journalism should be accurate and fair. Journalists should be honest and courageous in gathering, reporting and interpreting information. Journalists should:
The new design reduces the form's complexity and increases the transparency and accuracy of the withholding system. While it uses the same underlying information as the old design, it replaces complicated worksheets with more straightforward questions that make accurate withholding easier for employees.
No. The form is divided into 5 steps. The only two steps required for all employees are Step 1, where you enter personal information like your name and filing status, and Step 5, where you sign the form. Complete Steps 2 - 4 only if they apply to you. Doing so will make your withholding more accurately match your liability.
Tax rates increase as income rises, and only one standard deduction can be claimed on each tax return, regardless of the number of jobs. Therefore, if you have more than one job at a time or are married filing jointly and both you and your spouse work, more money should usually be withheld from the combined pay for all the jobs than would be withheld if each job was considered by itself. Adjustments to your withholding must be made to avoid owing additional tax, and potentially penalties, when you file your tax return. All of this has been true for many years; it did not change with the recent tax law changes. The old Form W-4 accounted for multiple jobs using detailed instructions and worksheets that many employees may have overlooked. Step 2 of the redesigned Form W-4 lists three different options you should choose from to make the necessary withholding adjustments. Note that, to be accurate, you should furnish a 2020 Form W-4 for all of these jobs. 2ff7e9595c
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